Spina bifida in children is a congenital condition where a baby is born with an incomplete closing of the spine and spinal cord. It affects physical and neurological development to varying degrees, depending on the type and severity of the defect.
Types of Spina Bifida in Children
- 1. Spina Bifida Occulta (Mildest):
- Often no symptoms.
- Usually discovered incidentally on X-ray or imaging.
- May have a dimple, tuft of hair, or birthmark on the lower back.
- 2. Meningocele:
- A fluid-filled sac protrudes through a gap in the spine.
- The spinal cord remains in place, so neurological problems are often minimal.
- Usually repaired with surgery soon after birth.
- 3. Myelomeningocele (Most serious):
- Both the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the back.
- Causes nerve damage, muscle weakness or paralysis, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
- Often associated with hydrocephalus (fluid in the brain).
Common Complications in Children
- Hydrocephalus: Fluid buildup in the brain; may require a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt.
- Mobility issues: Weakness or paralysis in the legs; may require braces, crutches, or a wheelchair.
- Bladder and bowel problems: Neurogenic bladder is common; may need catheterization and bowel training.
- Orthopedic issues: Clubfoot, hip dislocation, scoliosis.
- Learning difficulties: Especially with attention, memory, or math.
Diagnosis in Children
- At birth: Visible sac or opening on the back (for severe types).
- Prenatal detection: Via ultrasound or maternal blood tests (if not detected, diagnosis may happen at or after birth).
- MRI/CT/Ultrasound: Used to assess the spinal defect and check for hydrocephalus.